Sometimes Nahuatl is also applied to the Pipil language ( Nawat) of El Salvador and Nicaragua.
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The Ethnologue recognizes 28 varieties with separate ISO codes. The Mexican Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (National Institute of Indigenous Languages) recognizes 30 individual varieties within the "language group" labeled Nahuatl. Tree diagram of the relation between the Nahuan languages and the rest of the Uto-Aztecan language family, based on the internal classification of Nahuan given by Terrence Kaufman (2001)Īs a language label, the term Nahuatl encompasses a group of closely related languages or divergent dialects within the Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. English has also absorbed words of Nahuatl origin, including avocado, chayote, chili, chipotle, chocolate, atlatl, coyote, peyote, axolotl and tomato. Most of these loanwords denote things indigenous to central Mexico, which the Spanish heard mentioned for the first time by their Nahuatl names. Many words from Nahuatl were absorbed into Spanish and, from there, were diffused into hundreds of other languages in the region.
Through a very long period of development alongside other indigenous Mesoamerican languages, they have absorbed many influences, coming to form part of the Mesoamerican language area. This means that morphemes – words or fragments of words that each contain their own separate meaning – are often strung together to make longer complex words. Nahuan languages exhibit a complex morphology, or system of word formation, characterized by polysynthesis and agglutination.
They are given the same status as Spanish within their respective regions. Under Mexico's General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples, promulgated in 2003, Nahuatl and the other 63 indigenous languages of Mexico are recognized as lenguas nacionales ('national languages') in the regions where they are spoken.
No modern Nahuan languages are identical to Classical Nahuatl, but those spoken in and around the Valley of Mexico are generally more closely related to it than those on the periphery. All varieties have been subject to varying degrees of influence from Spanish. Huasteca Nahuatl, with over one million speakers, is the most-spoken variety. There are considerable differences among varieties, and some are not mutually intelligible. Today, Nahuan languages are spoken in scattered communities, mostly in rural areas throughout central Mexico and along the coastline. It is among the most studied and best-documented languages of the Americas. This early literary language based on the Tenochtitlan variety has been labeled Classical Nahuatl. Many chronicles, grammars, works of poetry, administrative documents and codices were written in it during the 16th and 17th centuries. Their influence caused the variety of Nahuatl spoken by the residents of Tenochtitlan to become a prestige language in Mesoamerica.Īfter the conquest, when Spanish colonists and missionaries introduced the Latin alphabet, Nahuatl also became a literary language. During the centuries preceding the Spanish and Tlaxcalan conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Aztecs had expanded to incorporate a large part of central Mexico. It was the language of the Aztec/ Mexica, who dominated what is now central Mexico during the Late Postclassic period of Mesoamerican history. Nahuatl has been spoken in central Mexico since at least the seventh century CE. Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about 1.7 million Nahua peoples, most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico as well as a small number who live in the United States. Nahuatl ( English: / ˈ n ɑː w ɑː t əl/ Nahuatl pronunciation: ( listen)), Aztec or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Pre-contact (green) and current (red) extent of Nahuatl as a dominant language in Mexico
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